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Such fruits are accessible to bats because of the pagoda-like structure of the tree canopy, fruit placement on the main trunk, or suspension from long stalks that hang free of the foliage. Fruits adapted to these animals are relatively large and drab in colour, with large seeds and a striking (often rank) odour. In the tropics, chiropterochory (dispersal by large bats such as flying foxes, Pteropus) is particularly important. Many birds and mammals, ranging in size from mice and kangaroo rats to elephants, eat and disperse seeds and fruits. The name alligator apple for Annona glabra refers to its method of dispersal, an example of saurochory. The giant Galapagos tortoise is important for the dispersal of local cacti and tomatoes. Fossil evidence indicates that saurochory is very ancient. Certain Amazon River fishes react positively to the audible “explosions” of the ripe fruits of Eperua rubiginosa. Many intact fruits and seeds can serve as fish bait, those of Sonneratia, for example, for the catfish Arius maculatus. Earthworms are more important as seed dispersers.
Snails disperse the small seeds of a very few plant species (e.g., Adoxa).
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